Consumer expenditure - Why relational learning matters¶

This example demonstrates how powerful a real relational learning algorithm can be. Based on a public-domain dataset on consumer behavior, we use a propostionalization algorithm to predict whether purchases were made as a gift. We show that with relational learning, we can get an AUC of over 90%. The generated features would have been impossible to build by hand or by using brute-force approaches.

Summary:

Prediction type: Classification model
Domain: Retail
Prediction target: If a purchase is a gift
Source data: Relational data set, 4 tables
Population size: 2.020.634

Background¶

Relational learning is one of the most underappreciated fields of machine learning. Even though relational learning is very relevant to many real world data science projects, many data scientists don't even know what relational learning is.

There are many subdomains of relational learning, but the most important one is extracting features from relational data: Most business data is relational, meaning that it is spread out over several relational tables. However, most machine learning algorithms require that the data be presented in the form of a single flat table. So we need to extract features from our relational data. Some people also call this data wrangling.

Most data scientists we know extract features from relational data manually or by using crude, brute-force approaches (randomly generate thousands of features and then do a feature selection). This is very time-consuming and does not produce good features.

The challenge¶

The Consumer Expenditure Data Set is a public domain data set provided by the American Bureau of Labor Statistics (https://www.bls.gov/cex/pumd.htm). It includes the diary entries, where American consumers are asked to keep diaries of the products they have purchased each month.

These consumer goods are categorized using a six-digit classification system the UCC. This system is hierarchical, meaning that every digit represents an increasingly granular category.

For instance, all UCC codes beginning with ‘200’ represent beverages. UCC codes beginning with ‘20011’ represents beer and ‘200111’ represents ‘beer and ale’ and ‘200112’ represents ‘nonalcoholic beer’ (https://www.bls.gov/cex/pumd/ce_pumd_interview_diary_dictionary.xlsx).

The diaries also contain a flag that indicates whether the product was purchased as a gift. The challenge is to predict that flag using other information in the diary entries.

This can be done based on the following considerations:

Some items are less likely to be purchased as gifts than others (for instance, it is unlikely that toilet paper is ever purchased as a gift).
Items that diverge from the usual consumption patterns are more likely to be gifts.

In total, there are three tables which we find interesting:

EXPD, which contains information on the consumer expenditures, including the target variable GIFT.
FMLD, which contains socio-demographic information on the households.
MEMD, which contains socio-demographic information on each member of the households.

Analysis¶

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%pip install -q "getml==1.5.0" "matplotlib==3.9.2" "ipywidgets==8.1.5"
%pip install -q "getml==1.5.0" "matplotlib==3.9.2" "ipywidgets==8.1.5"

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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import getml

%matplotlib inline

print(f"getML API version: {getml.__version__}\n")
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import getml %matplotlib inline print(f"getML API version: {getml.__version__}\n")

getML API version: 1.5.0

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getml.engine.launch(in_memory=False, allow_remote_ips=True, token='token')
getml.engine.set_project("consumer_expenditures")
getml.engine.launch(in_memory=False, allow_remote_ips=True, token='token') getml.engine.set_project("consumer_expenditures")

Launching ./getML --allow-push-notifications=true --allow-remote-ips=true --home-directory=/home/user --in-memory=false --install=false --launch-browser=true --log=false --token=token in /home/user/.getML/getml-1.5.0-x64-linux...
Launched the getML Engine. The log output will be stored in /home/user/.getML/logs/20240918134630.log.
  Loading pipelines... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00

Connected to project 'consumer_expenditures'.

1. Loading data¶

1.1 Download from source¶

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conn = getml.database.connect_mysql(
    host="db.relational-data.org",
    dbname="ConsumerExpenditures",
    port=3306,
    user="guest",
    password="relational"
)

conn
conn = getml.database.connect_mysql( host="db.relational-data.org", dbname="ConsumerExpenditures", port=3306, user="guest", password="relational" ) conn

Out[4]:

Connection(dbname='ConsumerExpenditures',
           dialect='mysql',
           host='db.relational-data.org',
           port=3306)

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def load_if_needed(name):
    """
    Loads the data from the relational learning
    repository, if the data frame has not already
    been loaded.
    """
    if getml.data.exists(name):
        return getml.data.load_data_frame(name)
    data_frame = getml.data.DataFrame.from_db(
        name=name,
        table_name=name,
        conn=conn
    )
    data_frame.save()
    return data_frame
def load_if_needed(name): """ Loads the data from the relational learning repository, if the data frame has not already been loaded. """ if getml.data.exists(name): return getml.data.load_data_frame(name) data_frame = getml.data.DataFrame.from_db( name=name, table_name=name, conn=conn ) data_frame.save() return data_frame

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households = load_if_needed("HOUSEHOLDS")
household_members = load_if_needed("HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS")
expenditures = load_if_needed("EXPENDITURES")
households = load_if_needed("HOUSEHOLDS") household_members = load_if_needed("HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS") expenditures = load_if_needed("EXPENDITURES")

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households
households

Out[7]:

name	YEAR	INCOME_RANK	INCOME_RANK_1	INCOME_RANK_2	INCOME_RANK_3	INCOME_RANK_4	INCOME_RANK_5	INCOME_RANK_MEAN	AGE_REF	HOUSEHOLD_ID
role	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_string
0	2015	0.3044	0.1448	0.1427	0.1432	0.1422	0.1382	0.127	66	03111041
1	2015	0.3063	0.1462	0.1444	0.1446	0.1435	0.1395	0.1283	66	03111042
2	2015	0.6931	0.6222	0.6204	0.623	0.6131	0.6123	0.6207	48	03111051
3	2015	0.6926	0.6216	0.6198	0.6224	0.6125	0.6117	0.6201	48	03111052
4	2015	0.2817	0.113	0.1128	0.1098	0.1116	0.1092	0.0951	37	03111061
	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
56807	2019	0.4828	0.4106	0.3603	0.3958	0.377	0.3984	0.3769	67	04362582
56808	2019	0.6644	0.5975	0.6026	0.5949	0.596	0.6002	0.6	52	04362661
56809	2019	0.6639	0.597	0.6021	0.5944	0.5955	0.5997	0.5995	52	04362662
56810	2019	0.162	0.05217	0.03955	0.04507	0.04607	0.02436	0.03558	72	04362671
56811	2019	0.1616	0.03925	0.05741	0.04595	0.03789	0.05746	0.03931	72	04362672

56812 rows x 10 columns
memory usage: 5.06 MB
name: HOUSEHOLDS
type: getml.DataFrame

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household_members
household_members

Out[8]:

name	YEAR	AGE	HOUSEHOLD_ID	MARITAL	SEX	WORK_STATUS
role	unused_float	unused_float	unused_string	unused_string	unused_string	unused_string
0	2015	66	03111041	1	1	NULL
1	2015	66	03111042	1	1	NULL
2	2015	56	03111091	1	1	NULL
3	2015	56	03111092	1	1	NULL
4	2015	50	03111111	1	1	1
	...	...	...	...	...	...
137350	2019	22	04362422	5	2	NULL
137351	2019	11	04362431	5	2	NULL
137352	2019	11	04362432	5	2	NULL
137353	2019	72	04362671	5	2	NULL
137354	2019	72	04362672	5	2	NULL

137355 rows x 6 columns
memory usage: 8.59 MB
name: HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS
type: getml.DataFrame

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expenditures
expenditures

Out[9]:

name	YEAR	MONTH	COST	GIFT	IS_TRAINING	EXPENDITURE_ID	HOUSEHOLD_ID	PRODUCT_CODE
role	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_float	unused_string	unused_string	unused_string
0	2015	1	3.89	0	1	1	03111041	010210
1	2015	1	4.66	0	1	10	03111041	120310
2	2015	2	9.79	0	1	100	03111051	190211
3	2015	2	2.95	0	1	1000	03111402	040510
4	2015	1	2.12	0	1	10000	03114161	190321
	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
2020629	2017	6	1.99	0	1	999995	03708582	150110
2020630	2017	6	3.619	0	1	999996	03708582	150110
2020631	2017	6	5.2727	0	1	999997	03708582	150211
2020632	2017	6	4.6894	0	1	999998	03708582	150310
2020633	2017	6	5.7177	0	1	999999	03708582	160310

2020634 rows x 8 columns
memory usage: 176.70 MB
name: EXPENDITURES
type: getml.DataFrame

1.2 Prepare data for getML¶

We now have to assign roles to the columns.

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households.set_role("HOUSEHOLD_ID", getml.data.roles.join_key)
households.set_role(households.roles.unused_float, getml.data.roles.numerical)

households
households.set_role("HOUSEHOLD_ID", getml.data.roles.join_key) households.set_role(households.roles.unused_float, getml.data.roles.numerical) households

Out[10]:

name	HOUSEHOLD_ID	YEAR	INCOME_RANK	INCOME_RANK_1	INCOME_RANK_2	INCOME_RANK_3	INCOME_RANK_4	INCOME_RANK_5	INCOME_RANK_MEAN	AGE_REF
role	join_key	numerical	numerical	numerical	numerical	numerical	numerical	numerical	numerical	numerical
0	03111041	2015	0.3044	0.1448	0.1427	0.1432	0.1422	0.1382	0.127	66
1	03111042	2015	0.3063	0.1462	0.1444	0.1446	0.1435	0.1395	0.1283	66
2	03111051	2015	0.6931	0.6222	0.6204	0.623	0.6131	0.6123	0.6207	48
3	03111052	2015	0.6926	0.6216	0.6198	0.6224	0.6125	0.6117	0.6201	48
4	03111061	2015	0.2817	0.113	0.1128	0.1098	0.1116	0.1092	0.0951	37
	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
56807	04362582	2019	0.4828	0.4106	0.3603	0.3958	0.377	0.3984	0.3769	67
56808	04362661	2019	0.6644	0.5975	0.6026	0.5949	0.596	0.6002	0.6	52
56809	04362662	2019	0.6639	0.597	0.6021	0.5944	0.5955	0.5997	0.5995	52
56810	04362671	2019	0.162	0.05217	0.03955	0.04507	0.04607	0.02436	0.03558	72
56811	04362672	2019	0.1616	0.03925	0.05741	0.04595	0.03789	0.05746	0.03931	72

56812 rows x 10 columns
memory usage: 4.32 MB
name: HOUSEHOLDS
type: getml.DataFrame

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household_members.set_role("HOUSEHOLD_ID", getml.data.roles.join_key)
household_members.set_role(household_members.roles.unused_float, getml.data.roles.numerical)
household_members.set_role(household_members.roles.unused_string, getml.data.roles.categorical)

household_members
household_members.set_role("HOUSEHOLD_ID", getml.data.roles.join_key) household_members.set_role(household_members.roles.unused_float, getml.data.roles.numerical) household_members.set_role(household_members.roles.unused_string, getml.data.roles.categorical) household_members

Out[11]:

name	HOUSEHOLD_ID	MARITAL	SEX	WORK_STATUS	YEAR	AGE
role	join_key	categorical	categorical	categorical	numerical	numerical
0	03111041	1	1	NULL	2015	66
1	03111042	1	1	NULL	2015	66
2	03111091	1	1	NULL	2015	56
3	03111092	1	1	NULL	2015	56
4	03111111	1	1	1	2015	50
	...	...	...	...	...	...
137350	04362422	5	2	NULL	2019	22
137351	04362431	5	2	NULL	2019	11
137352	04362432	5	2	NULL	2019	11
137353	04362671	5	2	NULL	2019	72
137354	04362672	5	2	NULL	2019	72

137355 rows x 6 columns
memory usage: 4.40 MB
name: HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS
type: getml.DataFrame

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year = expenditures["YEAR"]
month = expenditures["MONTH"]

ts_strings = year + "/" + month

expenditures["TIME_STAMP"] = ts_strings.as_ts(["%Y/%n"])
year = expenditures["YEAR"] month = expenditures["MONTH"] ts_strings = year + "/" + month expenditures["TIME_STAMP"] = ts_strings.as_ts(["%Y/%n"])

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expenditures.set_role("HOUSEHOLD_ID", getml.data.roles.join_key)
expenditures.set_role("GIFT", getml.data.roles.target)
expenditures.set_role("COST", getml.data.roles.numerical)
expenditures.set_role(["PRODUCT_CODE", "MONTH", "YEAR"], getml.data.roles.categorical)
expenditures.set_role("TIME_STAMP", getml.data.roles.time_stamp)

expenditures.set_subroles("PRODUCT_CODE", getml.data.subroles.include.substring)

expenditures
expenditures.set_role("HOUSEHOLD_ID", getml.data.roles.join_key) expenditures.set_role("GIFT", getml.data.roles.target) expenditures.set_role("COST", getml.data.roles.numerical) expenditures.set_role(["PRODUCT_CODE", "MONTH", "YEAR"], getml.data.roles.categorical) expenditures.set_role("TIME_STAMP", getml.data.roles.time_stamp) expenditures.set_subroles("PRODUCT_CODE", getml.data.subroles.include.substring) expenditures

Out[13]:

name	TIME_STAMP	HOUSEHOLD_ID	GIFT	MONTH	YEAR	PRODUCT_CODE	COST	IS_TRAINING	EXPENDITURE_ID
role	time_stamp	join_key	target	categorical	categorical	categorical	numerical	unused_float	unused_string
unit	time stamp, comparison only
subroles:
- include						substring
0	2015-01-01	03111041	0	1	2015	010210	3.89	1	1
1	2015-01-01	03111041	0	1	2015	120310	4.66	1	10
2	2015-02-01	03111051	0	2	2015	190211	9.79	1	100
3	2015-02-01	03111402	0	2	2015	040510	2.95	1	1000
4	2015-01-01	03114161	0	1	2015	190321	2.12	1	10000
	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
2020629	2017-06-01	03708582	0	6	2017	150110	1.99	1	999995
2020630	2017-06-01	03708582	0	6	2017	150110	3.619	1	999996
2020631	2017-06-01	03708582	0	6	2017	150211	5.2727	1	999997
2020632	2017-06-01	03708582	0	6	2017	150310	4.6894	1	999998
2020633	2017-06-01	03708582	0	6	2017	160310	5.7177	1	999999

2020634 rows x 9 columns
memory usage: 128.21 MB
name: EXPENDITURES
type: getml.DataFrame

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split = expenditures.rowid.as_str().update(expenditures.IS_TRAINING == 1, "train").update(expenditures.IS_TRAINING == 0, "test")
split
split = expenditures.rowid.as_str().update(expenditures.IS_TRAINING == 1, "train").update(expenditures.IS_TRAINING == 0, "test") split

Out[14]:


0	train
1	train
2	train
3	train
4	train
	...

2020634 rows
type: StringColumnView

2. Predictive modeling¶

Enough with the data preparation. Let's get to the fun part: Extracting the features.

2.1 Defining the data model¶

First, we define the data model.

What we want to do is the following:

We want to compare every expenditure made to all expenditures by the same household (EXPD).
We want to check out whether certain kinds of items have been purchased as a gift in the past (EXPD).
We want to aggregate all available information on the individual members of the household (MEMD).

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star_schema = getml.data.StarSchema(alias="POPULATION", population=expenditures, split=split)

star_schema.join(
    expenditures,
    on="HOUSEHOLD_ID",
    time_stamps="TIME_STAMP"
)

star_schema.join(
    households,
    on="HOUSEHOLD_ID",
    relationship=getml.data.relationship.many_to_one,
)

star_schema.join(
    household_members,
    on="HOUSEHOLD_ID",
)

star_schema
star_schema = getml.data.StarSchema(alias="POPULATION", population=expenditures, split=split) star_schema.join( expenditures, on="HOUSEHOLD_ID", time_stamps="TIME_STAMP" ) star_schema.join( households, on="HOUSEHOLD_ID", relationship=getml.data.relationship.many_to_one, ) star_schema.join( household_members, on="HOUSEHOLD_ID", ) star_schema

Out[15]:

data model

diagram

staging

	data frames	staging table
0	POPULATION, HOUSEHOLDS	POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1
1	EXPENDITURES	EXPENDITURES__STAGING_TABLE_2
2	HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS	HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS__STAGING_TABLE_3

container

population

	subset	name	rows	type
0	test	EXPENDITURES	unknown	View
1	train	EXPENDITURES	unknown	View

peripheral

	name	rows	type
0	EXPENDITURES	2020634	DataFrame
1	HOUSEHOLDS	56812	DataFrame
2	HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS	137355	DataFrame

2.2 Setting the hyperparameters¶

We use XGBoost as our predictor and FastProp (short for fast propsitionalization) to generate our features. You are free to play with the hyperparameters.

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ucc1 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 1)
ucc2 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 2)
ucc3 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 3)
ucc4 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 4)
ucc5 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 5)

mapping = getml.preprocessors.Mapping(multithreading=False)

fast_prop = getml.feature_learning.FastProp(
    aggregation=getml.feature_learning.FastProp.agg_sets.All,
    loss_function=getml.feature_learning.loss_functions.CrossEntropyLoss,
    num_threads=1,
    sampling_factor=0.1,
    num_features=100,
)

relboost = getml.feature_learning.Relboost(
    loss_function=getml.feature_learning.loss_functions.CrossEntropyLoss,
    num_threads=1,
    num_features=20,
)

feature_selector = getml.predictors.XGBoostClassifier()

predictor = getml.predictors.XGBoostClassifier(
    booster="gbtree",
    n_estimators=100,
    max_depth=7,
    reg_lambda=0.0,
    n_jobs=1
)
ucc1 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 1) ucc2 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 2) ucc3 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 3) ucc4 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 4) ucc5 = getml.preprocessors.Substring(0, 5) mapping = getml.preprocessors.Mapping(multithreading=False) fast_prop = getml.feature_learning.FastProp( aggregation=getml.feature_learning.FastProp.agg_sets.All, loss_function=getml.feature_learning.loss_functions.CrossEntropyLoss, num_threads=1, sampling_factor=0.1, num_features=100, ) relboost = getml.feature_learning.Relboost( loss_function=getml.feature_learning.loss_functions.CrossEntropyLoss, num_threads=1, num_features=20, ) feature_selector = getml.predictors.XGBoostClassifier() predictor = getml.predictors.XGBoostClassifier( booster="gbtree", n_estimators=100, max_depth=7, reg_lambda=0.0, n_jobs=1 )

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pipe1 = getml.pipeline.Pipeline(
    tags=["FastProp"],
    data_model=star_schema.data_model,
    share_selected_features=0.4,
    preprocessors=[mapping],
    feature_learners=fast_prop,
    feature_selectors=feature_selector,
    predictors=predictor
)

pipe1
pipe1 = getml.pipeline.Pipeline( tags=["FastProp"], data_model=star_schema.data_model, share_selected_features=0.4, preprocessors=[mapping], feature_learners=fast_prop, feature_selectors=feature_selector, predictors=predictor ) pipe1

Out[17]:

Pipeline(data_model='POPULATION',
         feature_learners=['FastProp'],
         feature_selectors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         include_categorical=False,
         loss_function='CrossEntropyLoss',
         peripheral=['EXPENDITURES', 'HOUSEHOLDS', 'HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS'],
         predictors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         preprocessors=['Mapping'],
         share_selected_features=0.4,
         tags=['FastProp'])

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pipe2 = getml.pipeline.Pipeline(
    tags=["Relboost"],
    data_model=star_schema.data_model,
    share_selected_features=0.9,
    preprocessors=[ucc1, ucc2, ucc3, ucc4, ucc5, mapping],
    feature_learners=relboost,
    feature_selectors=feature_selector,
    predictors=predictor
)

pipe2
pipe2 = getml.pipeline.Pipeline( tags=["Relboost"], data_model=star_schema.data_model, share_selected_features=0.9, preprocessors=[ucc1, ucc2, ucc3, ucc4, ucc5, mapping], feature_learners=relboost, feature_selectors=feature_selector, predictors=predictor ) pipe2

Out[18]:

Pipeline(data_model='POPULATION',
         feature_learners=['Relboost'],
         feature_selectors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         include_categorical=False,
         loss_function='CrossEntropyLoss',
         peripheral=['EXPENDITURES', 'HOUSEHOLDS', 'HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS'],
         predictors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         preprocessors=['Substring', 'Substring', 'Substring', 'Substring', 'Substring',
                        'Mapping'],
         share_selected_features=0.9,
         tags=['Relboost'])

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pipe3 = getml.pipeline.Pipeline(
    tags=["FastProp", "Relboost"],
    data_model=star_schema.data_model,
    share_selected_features=0.2,
    preprocessors=[mapping],
    feature_learners=[fast_prop, relboost],
    feature_selectors=feature_selector,
    predictors=predictor
)

pipe3
pipe3 = getml.pipeline.Pipeline( tags=["FastProp", "Relboost"], data_model=star_schema.data_model, share_selected_features=0.2, preprocessors=[mapping], feature_learners=[fast_prop, relboost], feature_selectors=feature_selector, predictors=predictor ) pipe3

Out[19]:

Pipeline(data_model='POPULATION',
         feature_learners=['FastProp', 'Relboost'],
         feature_selectors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         include_categorical=False,
         loss_function='CrossEntropyLoss',
         peripheral=['EXPENDITURES', 'HOUSEHOLDS', 'HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS'],
         predictors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         preprocessors=['Mapping'],
         share_selected_features=0.2,
         tags=['FastProp', 'Relboost'])

.fit(...) will automatically call .check(...), but it is always a good idea to call .check(...) separately, so we still have time for some last-minute fixes.

2.3 Training the pipeline¶

OK, let's go:

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pipe1.check(star_schema.train)
pipe1.check(star_schema.train)

Checking data model...

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:23
  Checking... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00

OK.

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pipe1.fit(star_schema.train)
pipe1.fit(star_schema.train)

Checking data model...

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:01
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00

OK.

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:01
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  FastProp: Trying 418 features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:33
  FastProp: Building features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 01:09
  XGBoost: Training as feature selector... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 05:27
  XGBoost: Training as predictor... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 06:20

Trained pipeline.

Time taken: 0:13:34.027354.

Out[21]:

Pipeline(data_model='POPULATION',
         feature_learners=['FastProp'],
         feature_selectors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         include_categorical=False,
         loss_function='CrossEntropyLoss',
         peripheral=['EXPENDITURES', 'HOUSEHOLDS', 'HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS'],
         predictors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         preprocessors=['Mapping'],
         share_selected_features=0.4,
         tags=['FastProp', 'container-xVgT7b'])

In [22]:

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pipe2.check(star_schema.train)
pipe2.check(star_schema.train)

Checking data model...

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:01
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 02:16
  Checking... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:01

OK.

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pipe2.fit(star_schema.train)
pipe2.fit(star_schema.train)

Checking data model...

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:01
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:10

OK.

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:01
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:10
  Relboost: Training features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 21:26
  Relboost: Building features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 18:45
  XGBoost: Training as feature selector... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 04:11
  XGBoost: Training as predictor... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 06:29

Trained pipeline.

Time taken: 0:51:09.055720.

Out[23]:

Pipeline(data_model='POPULATION',
         feature_learners=['Relboost'],
         feature_selectors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         include_categorical=False,
         loss_function='CrossEntropyLoss',
         peripheral=['EXPENDITURES', 'HOUSEHOLDS', 'HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS'],
         predictors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         preprocessors=['Substring', 'Substring', 'Substring', 'Substring', 'Substring',
                        'Mapping'],
         share_selected_features=0.9,
         tags=['Relboost', 'container-xVgT7b'])

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pipe3.check(star_schema.train)
pipe3.check(star_schema.train)

Checking data model...

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Checking... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00

OK.

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pipe3.fit(star_schema.train)
pipe3.fit(star_schema.train)

Checking data model...

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00

OK.

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Retrieving features from cache... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Relboost: Training features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 05:54
  FastProp: Building features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 01:08
  Relboost: Building features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 04:50
  XGBoost: Training as feature selector... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 06:31
  XGBoost: Training as predictor... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 04:03

Trained pipeline.

Time taken: 0:22:31.520442.

Out[25]:

Pipeline(data_model='POPULATION',
         feature_learners=['FastProp', 'Relboost'],
         feature_selectors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         include_categorical=False,
         loss_function='CrossEntropyLoss',
         peripheral=['EXPENDITURES', 'HOUSEHOLDS', 'HOUSEHOLD_MEMBERS'],
         predictors=['XGBoostClassifier'],
         preprocessors=['Mapping'],
         share_selected_features=0.2,
         tags=['FastProp', 'Relboost', 'container-xVgT7b'])

2.4 Evaluating the pipeline¶

We want to know how well we did. We will to an in-sample and an out-of-sample evaluation:

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pipe1.score(star_schema.test)
pipe1.score(star_schema.test)

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  FastProp: Building features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:08

Out[26]:

	date time	set used	target	accuracy	auc	cross entropy
0	2024-09-18 12:08:28	train	GIFT	0.9826	0.9368	0.05986
1	2024-09-18 13:43:03	test	GIFT	0.9804	0.8649	0.07713

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pipe2.score(star_schema.test)
pipe2.score(star_schema.test)

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:03
  Relboost: Building features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 02:13

Out[27]:

	date time	set used	target	accuracy	auc	cross entropy
0	2024-09-18 13:02:15	train	GIFT	0.9822	0.9231	0.06321
1	2024-09-18 13:45:21	test	GIFT	0.9805	0.863	0.07709

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pipe3.score(star_schema.test)
pipe3.score(star_schema.test)

  Staging... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  Preprocessing... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:00
  FastProp: Building features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:03
  Relboost: Building features... ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 100% • 00:08

Out[28]:

	date time	set used	target	accuracy	auc	cross entropy
0	2024-09-18 13:42:53	train	GIFT	0.9824	0.9331	0.06092
1	2024-09-18 13:45:35	test	GIFT	0.9805	0.8676	0.07667

2.5 Studying the features¶

It is very important that we get an idea about the features that the propositionalization algorithm has produced.

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LENGTH=50

names, correlations = pipe1.features.correlations()

plt.subplots(figsize=(20, 10))

plt.bar(names[:LENGTH], correlations[:LENGTH])

plt.title("feature correlations")
plt.grid(True)
plt.xlabel("features")
plt.ylabel("correlations")
plt.xticks(rotation='vertical')

plt.show()
LENGTH=50 names, correlations = pipe1.features.correlations() plt.subplots(figsize=(20, 10)) plt.bar(names[:LENGTH], correlations[:LENGTH]) plt.title("feature correlations") plt.grid(True) plt.xlabel("features") plt.ylabel("correlations") plt.xticks(rotation='vertical') plt.show()

No description has been provided for this image

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LENGTH=50

names, correlations = pipe2.features.correlations()

plt.subplots(figsize=(20, 10))

plt.bar(names[:LENGTH], correlations[:LENGTH])

plt.title("feature correlations")
plt.grid(True)
plt.xlabel("features")
plt.ylabel("correlations")
plt.xticks(rotation='vertical')

plt.show()
LENGTH=50 names, correlations = pipe2.features.correlations() plt.subplots(figsize=(20, 10)) plt.bar(names[:LENGTH], correlations[:LENGTH]) plt.title("feature correlations") plt.grid(True) plt.xlabel("features") plt.ylabel("correlations") plt.xticks(rotation='vertical') plt.show()

We can express the features in SQLite3:

Because getML uses a feature learning approach, the concept of feature importances can also be carried over to the individual columns.

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names, importances = pipe1.columns.importances()

plt.subplots(figsize=(20, 10))

plt.bar(names, importances)

plt.title("column importances")
plt.grid(True)
plt.xlabel("columns")
plt.ylabel("importance")
plt.xticks(rotation='vertical')

plt.show()
names, importances = pipe1.columns.importances() plt.subplots(figsize=(20, 10)) plt.bar(names, importances) plt.title("column importances") plt.grid(True) plt.xlabel("columns") plt.ylabel("importance") plt.xticks(rotation='vertical') plt.show()

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names, importances = pipe2.columns.importances()

plt.subplots(figsize=(20, 10))

plt.bar(names, importances)

plt.title("column importances")
plt.grid(True)
plt.xlabel("columns")
plt.ylabel("importance")
plt.xticks(rotation='vertical')

plt.show()
names, importances = pipe2.columns.importances() plt.subplots(figsize=(20, 10)) plt.bar(names, importances) plt.title("column importances") plt.grid(True) plt.xlabel("columns") plt.ylabel("importance") plt.xticks(rotation='vertical') plt.show()

The most important feature of pipe1 looks as follows:

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print(pipe1.features.to_sql()[pipe1.features.sort(by="importances")[0].name])
print(pipe1.features.to_sql()[pipe1.features.sort(by="importances")[0].name])

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG";

CREATE TABLE "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"("key" TEXT, "value" REAL);

INSERT INTO "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG" ("key", "value")
VALUES('410901', 0.5265553869499241),
      ('410140', 0.5248618784530387),
      ('004190', 0.5073846153846154),
      ('410120', 0.5013123359580053),
      ('410110', 0.4444444444444444),
      ('004100', 0.3336306868867083),
      ('390110', 0.3132530120481928),
      ('390120', 0.3067484662576687),
      ('410130', 0.2967448902346707),
      ('370110', 0.2948717948717949),
      ('370212', 0.2944444444444445),
      ('370220', 0.2920353982300885),
      ('680140', 0.288135593220339),
      ('390322', 0.2795918367346939),
      ('390321', 0.2764227642276423),
      ('370901', 0.271948608137045),
      ('390210', 0.2579837194740138),
      ('370125', 0.2519157088122606),
      ('390310', 0.2443181818181818),
      ('390223', 0.2344706911636046),
      ('390230', 0.2238442822384428),
      ('370211', 0.2185714285714286),
      ('370314', 0.2182952182952183),
      ('400220', 0.2164179104477612),
      ('610110', 0.2162868883078072),
      ('360320', 0.2151898734177215),
      ('590220', 0.2075471698113208),
      ('370213', 0.2015968063872255),
      ('400210', 0.1944764096662831),
      ('430120', 0.194006309148265),
      ('320130', 0.1899441340782123),
      ('390901', 0.1797752808988764),
      ('330410', 0.1751831107281344),
      ('380410', 0.1386392811296534),
      ('590230', 0.13469068128426),
      ('360350', 0.1321279554937413),
      ('360210', 0.1305555555555556),
      ('290420', 0.1282051282051282),
      ('280220', 0.1231884057971015),
      ('320903', 0.1229724632214259),
      ('360420', 0.1222091656874266),
      ('005000', 0.1219512195121951),
      ('660900', 0.1205479452054795),
      ('320345', 0.1176205497972059),
      ('610902', 0.1162790697674419),
      ('660110', 0.111731843575419),
      ('600900', 0.1111111111111111),
      ('670110', 0.1111111111111111),
      ('320233', 0.1108969866853539),
      ('610230', 0.11),
      ('660210', 0.1097922848664688),
      ('610901', 0.1097560975609756),
      ('380510', 0.1081081081081081),
      ('290310', 0.1044776119402985),
      ('280120', 0.1030640668523677),
      ('380901', 0.1010141987829615),
      ('320521', 0.1009174311926606),
      ('360330', 0.1004366812227074),
      ('360311', 0.09981167608286252),
      ('430110', 0.09863945578231292),
      ('300320', 0.0975609756097561),
      ('360312', 0.09716599190283401),
      ('660000', 0.09413886384129846),
      ('600430', 0.09302325581395349),
      ('380110', 0.09302325581395349),
      ('310231', 0.09090909090909091),
      ('004000', 0.08723998758149643),
      ('600410', 0.08408408408408409),
      ('310210', 0.08333333333333333),
      ('340120', 0.08333333333333333),
      ('430130', 0.08226221079691516),
      ('600210', 0.08190476190476191),
      ('380315', 0.08014981273408239),
      ('610120', 0.07865168539325842),
      ('620610', 0.07755102040816327),
      ('360513', 0.07722969606377678),
      ('280140', 0.07646356033452807),
      ('320380', 0.07645788336933046),
      ('620213', 0.07375643224699828),
      ('620510', 0.07370393504059962),
      ('380430', 0.07358390682901006),
      ('310316', 0.07329842931937172),
      ('310232', 0.0726950354609929),
      ('200210', 0.07258064516129033),
      ('530110', 0.07235621521335807),
      ('380320', 0.07142857142857142),
      ('640420', 0.06923076923076923),
      ('620214', 0.0689900426742532),
      ('610130', 0.06882591093117409),
      ('290410', 0.06748466257668712),
      ('380420', 0.06734816596512327),
      ('400310', 0.0672059738643435),
      ('690117', 0.06666666666666667),
      ('610903', 0.06578947368421052),
      ('310220', 0.06555863342566944),
      ('320330', 0.06554307116104868),
      ('400110', 0.06538692261547691),
      ('640120', 0.06442953020134229),
      ('690230', 0.0641025641025641),
      ('620330', 0.06329113924050633),
      ('420115', 0.06281407035175879),
      ('380311', 0.0625),
      ('310340', 0.06231454005934718),
      ('320370', 0.06196746707978312),
      ('380340', 0.06157635467980296),
      ('380210', 0.06014492753623189),
      ('620112', 0.05970149253731343),
      ('340110', 0.05929824561403509),
      ('320901', 0.05747126436781609),
      ('280110', 0.05726600985221675),
      ('290120', 0.05673758865248227),
      ('320150', 0.05652173913043478),
      ('240220', 0.05647840531561462),
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      ('030310', 0.00625),
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      ('110510', 0.005989518342899925),
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      ('150211', 0.005960568546538285),
      ('130211', 0.005947955390334572),
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      ('030110', 0.005622410731899783),
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      ('160110', 0.005109489051094891),
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      ('130110', 0.004694835680751174),
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      ('520410', 0.003937007874015748),
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      ('009000', 0.002952029520295203),
      ('350110', 0.002881844380403458),
      ('140330', 0.002380952380952381),
      ('130122', 0.002169197396963124),
      ('150212', 0.001451378809869376),
      ('130121', 0.001373626373626374),
      ('190323', 0.0009389671361502347),
      ('190311', 0.0008796003096193089),
      ('200532', 0.0005934718100890207),
      ('190312', 0.0005761198329252485),
      ('190314', 0.0004549590536851683),
      ('190324', 0.0004541326067211626),
      ('200522', 0.0004464285714285714),
      ('190212', 0.0004089793692629283),
      ('190114', 0.0003787878787878788),
      ('190112', 0.0003610760064993681),
      ('190322', 0.0002765869174388052),
      ('190211', 0.0002144925463840132),
      ('190111', 0.0002058036633052068),
      ('200512', 0.0001853911753800519),
      ('190321', 7.427213309566251e-05),
      ('440140', 0),
      ('200112', 0),
      ('620925', 0),
      ('250110', 0),
      ('200531', 0),
      ('310242', 0),
      ('600130', 0),
      ('580901', 0),
      ('200521', 0),
      ('490316', 0),
      ('200523', 0),
      ('190113', 0),
      ('310241', 0),
      ('550340', 0),
      ('450350', 0),
      ('190214', 0),
      ('300410', 0),
      ('530903', 0),
      ('200513', 0),
      ('140410', 0),
      ('002200', 0),
      ('630900', 0),
      ('680210', 0),
      ('290210', 0),
      ('140310', 0),
      ('200533', 0),
      ('440110', 0),
      ('190313', 0),
      ('190213', 0),
      ('270311', 0),
      ('270900', 0),
      ('200511', 0);

ALTER TABLE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1" ADD COLUMN "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" REAL;

UPDATE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1" SET "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" = 0.0;

UPDATE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1"
SET "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" = "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"."value"
FROM "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"
WHERE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1"."product_code" = "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"."key";

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG";

Similarly their SQL statements can be produced for pipe2 and pipe3 with:

In [48]:

  Copied!     
 
print(pipe2.features.to_sql()[pipe2.features.sort(by="importances")[0].name])
print(pipe2.features.to_sql()[pipe2.features.sort(by="importances")[0].name])

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG";

CREATE TABLE "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"("key" TEXT, "value" REAL);

INSERT INTO "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG" ("key", "value")
VALUES('410901', 0.5265553869499241),
      ('410140', 0.5248618784530387),
      ('004190', 0.5073846153846154),
      ('410120', 0.5013123359580053),
      ('410110', 0.4444444444444444),
      ('004100', 0.3336306868867083),
      ('390110', 0.3132530120481928),
      ('390120', 0.3067484662576687),
      ('410130', 0.2967448902346707),
      ('370110', 0.2948717948717949),
      ('370212', 0.2944444444444445),
      ('370220', 0.2920353982300885),
      ('680140', 0.288135593220339),
      ('390322', 0.2795918367346939),
      ('390321', 0.2764227642276423),
      ('370901', 0.271948608137045),
      ('390210', 0.2579837194740138),
      ('370125', 0.2519157088122606),
      ('390310', 0.2443181818181818),
      ('390223', 0.2344706911636046),
      ('390230', 0.2238442822384428),
      ('370211', 0.2185714285714286),
      ('370314', 0.2182952182952183),
      ('400220', 0.2164179104477612),
      ('610110', 0.2162868883078072),
      ('360320', 0.2151898734177215),
      ('590220', 0.2075471698113208),
      ('370213', 0.2015968063872255),
      ('400210', 0.1944764096662831),
      ('430120', 0.194006309148265),
      ('320130', 0.1899441340782123),
      ('390901', 0.1797752808988764),
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      ('600900', 0.1111111111111111),
      ('670110', 0.1111111111111111),
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      ('610230', 0.11),
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      ('340120', 0.08333333333333333),
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      ('280140', 0.07646356033452807),
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      ('620213', 0.07375643224699828),
      ('620510', 0.07370393504059962),
      ('380430', 0.07358390682901006),
      ('310316', 0.07329842931937172),
      ('310232', 0.0726950354609929),
      ('200210', 0.07258064516129033),
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      ('200410', 0.04397394136807817),
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      ('300110', 0.0425531914893617),
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      ('680220', 0.04184704184704185),
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      ('320420', 0.0400890868596882),
      ('290440', 0.038860103626943),
      ('200310', 0.03872966692486444),
      ('310900', 0.0380952380952381),
      ('520550', 0.03773584905660377),
      ('690116', 0.03773584905660377),
      ('020410', 0.03773262762506403),
      ('440130', 0.03759398496240601),
      ('380902', 0.03571428571428571),
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      ('640310', 0.03329679364209372),
      ('670902', 0.03174603174603174),
      ('680903', 0.03137789904502047),
      ('310140', 0.0308641975308642),
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      ('610310', 0.02461584365209608),
      ('680110', 0.02362204724409449),
      ('340903', 0.0234375),
      ('480213', 0.0231811697574893),
      ('320430', 0.02272727272727273),
      ('230000', 0.02272727272727273),
      ('640210', 0.02267002518891688),
      ('550310', 0.02246796559592768),
      ('490110', 0.02173913043478261),
      ('620410', 0.02165087956698241),
      ('340913', 0.02127659574468085),
      ('340906', 0.02127659574468085),
      ('590110', 0.0209366391184573),
      ('620810', 0.02090592334494774),
      ('020710', 0.02085600290170475),
      ('620926', 0.02076875387476751),
      ('480212', 0.02055622732769045),
      ('020510', 0.0202097074243193),
      ('650210', 0.02016868353502017),
      ('530510', 0.02005730659025788),
      ('520310', 0.02),
      ('480110', 0.01970443349753695),
      ('550110', 0.0194300518134715),
      ('650110', 0.0190424374319913),
      ('320511', 0.01829268292682927),
      ('240120', 0.01818181818181818),
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      ('170531', 0.0177293934681182),
      ('550210', 0.01761658031088083),
      ('290430', 0.01748251748251748),
      ('002100', 0.01715481171548117),
      ('150310', 0.01708217913204063),
      ('560310', 0.01682692307692308),
      ('640110', 0.01674500587544066),
      ('640430', 0.01648351648351648),
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      ('630110', 0.0158344666796192),
      ('330310', 0.01570146818923328),
      ('020820', 0.01567783584383646),
      ('130320', 0.0156165858912224),
      ('630210', 0.0155902004454343),
      ('020610', 0.01553829078801332),
      ('010120', 0.01547231270358306),
      ('180310', 0.01535880227155395),
      ('550410', 0.01529571719918423),
      ('360110', 0.01515151515151515),
      ('620114', 0.01492537313432836),
      ('440210', 0.01488095238095238),
      ('470220', 0.01478743068391867),
      ('620111', 0.01471389645776567),
      ('330210', 0.01441871961769795),
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      ('340520', 0.01411100658513641),
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      ('250900', 0.01309707241910632),
      ('690120', 0.01305483028720627),
      ('490300', 0.01298701298701299),
      ('180320', 0.01298701298701299),
      ('170533', 0.01296982530439386),
      ('540000', 0.01271259233808624),
      ('170510', 0.01269971323228185),
      ('620930', 0.01252609603340292),
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      ('560400', 0.01210898082744702),
      ('180612', 0.01201452919810003),
      ('620320', 0.01185770750988142),
      ('470211', 0.01179941002949852),
      ('180520', 0.01179574732267577),
      ('100410', 0.01164329187615771),
      ('310331', 0.01162790697674419),
      ('530412', 0.01158504476040021),
      ('020810', 0.01154575219713941),
      ('530210', 0.01152737752161383),
      ('220110', 0.01149425287356322),
      ('320630', 0.01142857142857143),
      ('520531', 0.01112484548825711),
      ('180710', 0.01103708190322364),
      ('030810', 0.01092896174863388),
      ('130310', 0.01086556169429098),
      ('170210', 0.01082262080178853),
      ('340620', 0.01075268817204301),
      ('999900', 0.01062416998671979),
      ('030210', 0.01055662188099808),
      ('030510', 0.01044277360066834),
      ('170110', 0.01034780109226789),
      ('220210', 0.01027397260273973),
      ('680902', 0.01025641025641026),
      ('020310', 0.01021667580910587),
      ('130212', 0.009969657563935847),
      ('030710', 0.009891435464414958),
      ('140420', 0.009844993715961458),
      ('560330', 0.009771986970684038),
      ('270210', 0.009420631182289214),
      ('140220', 0.009351432880844645),
      ('160320', 0.00933609958506224),
      ('560110', 0.009322560596643879),
      ('170520', 0.009291360421578144),
      ('230110', 0.009202453987730062),
      ('170310', 0.009154113557358054),
      ('180110', 0.009134615384615385),
      ('140210', 0.009130282102305981),
      ('160212', 0.009098914000587027),
      ('050410', 0.008833922261484099),
      ('100210', 0.008741319144525446),
      ('170532', 0.008554705087798289),
      ('620912', 0.008553654743390357),
      ('090210', 0.008506616257088847),
      ('490000', 0.008489564909798374),
      ('170410', 0.008431932544539644),
      ('210210', 0.00823045267489712),
      ('020620', 0.008152173913043478),
      ('340310', 0.008032128514056224),
      ('110410', 0.007990834884720034),
      ('490312', 0.007977207977207978),
      ('210110', 0.007972665148063782),
      ('180420', 0.007866728366496992),
      ('180220', 0.007703887363853715),
      ('010210', 0.007637017070979336),
      ('180510', 0.007588713125267208),
      ('470111', 0.007556238768484639),
      ('060310', 0.007518796992481203),
      ('050310', 0.007514761137949544),
      ('030610', 0.007317073170731708),
      ('180611', 0.007287611061195967),
      ('010320', 0.007257694074414332),
      ('500110', 0.007106598984771574),
      ('040510', 0.006984459577440196),
      ('110310', 0.006973269134982567),
      ('250220', 0.006944444444444444),
      ('580000', 0.006857142857142857),
      ('020210', 0.006824146981627296),
      ('180210', 0.006806282722513089),
      ('040410', 0.006790744466800805),
      ('050110', 0.00675990675990676),
      ('010110', 0.006644518272425249),
      ('180410', 0.006634078212290503),
      ('140230', 0.00663265306122449),
      ('050210', 0.00662133142448103),
      ('160310', 0.006574892130675981),
      ('020110', 0.006501360749924402),
      ('070110', 0.006377551020408163),
      ('030310', 0.00625),
      ('120310', 0.006177540831006178),
      ('100510', 0.006119326874043855),
      ('030410', 0.006116207951070336),
      ('690114', 0.006105834464043419),
      ('110510', 0.005989518342899925),
      ('160211', 0.005981308411214953),
      ('150211', 0.005960568546538285),
      ('130211', 0.005947955390334572),
      ('520541', 0.005911778080945885),
      ('120210', 0.005798018131983976),
      ('040110', 0.005780346820809248),
      ('260110', 0.005772763054316453),
      ('070240', 0.005749668288367979),
      ('090110', 0.005704227647576519),
      ('110210', 0.005692403229145104),
      ('030110', 0.005622410731899783),
      ('260210', 0.0055542698449433),
      ('080110', 0.005548549810844893),
      ('120110', 0.005436931593515224),
      ('040310', 0.005404077622205846),
      ('250210', 0.005342831700801425),
      ('010310', 0.005331627212625293),
      ('440120', 0.005319148936170213),
      ('100110', 0.005308219178082192),
      ('470112', 0.005277044854881266),
      ('110110', 0.005152378864284149),
      ('160110', 0.005109489051094891),
      ('270410', 0.00496031746031746),
      ('060110', 0.004922542348342262),
      ('520516', 0.004901960784313725),
      ('270310', 0.004885574697865775),
      ('120410', 0.004865350089766607),
      ('220120', 0.004815409309791332),
      ('040210', 0.004786324786324786),
      ('070230', 0.004725554343874954),
      ('130110', 0.004694835680751174),
      ('140110', 0.004555336991406978),
      ('340530', 0.004530011325028313),
      ('060210', 0.00400114318376679),
      ('230900', 0.003992015968063872),
      ('520410', 0.003937007874015748),
      ('140340', 0.003897369275738876),
      ('490313', 0.003875968992248062),
      ('009000', 0.002952029520295203),
      ('350110', 0.002881844380403458),
      ('140330', 0.002380952380952381),
      ('130122', 0.002169197396963124),
      ('150212', 0.001451378809869376),
      ('130121', 0.001373626373626374),
      ('190323', 0.0009389671361502347),
      ('190311', 0.0008796003096193089),
      ('200532', 0.0005934718100890207),
      ('190312', 0.0005761198329252485),
      ('190314', 0.0004549590536851683),
      ('190324', 0.0004541326067211626),
      ('200522', 0.0004464285714285714),
      ('190212', 0.0004089793692629283),
      ('190114', 0.0003787878787878788),
      ('190112', 0.0003610760064993681),
      ('190322', 0.0002765869174388052),
      ('190211', 0.0002144925463840132),
      ('190111', 0.0002058036633052068),
      ('200512', 0.0001853911753800519),
      ('190321', 7.427213309566251e-05),
      ('440140', 0),
      ('200112', 0),
      ('620925', 0),
      ('250110', 0),
      ('200531', 0),
      ('310242', 0),
      ('600130', 0),
      ('580901', 0),
      ('200521', 0),
      ('490316', 0),
      ('200523', 0),
      ('190113', 0),
      ('310241', 0),
      ('550340', 0),
      ('450350', 0),
      ('190214', 0),
      ('300410', 0),
      ('530903', 0),
      ('200513', 0),
      ('140410', 0),
      ('002200', 0),
      ('630900', 0),
      ('680210', 0),
      ('290210', 0),
      ('140310', 0),
      ('200533', 0),
      ('440110', 0),
      ('190313', 0),
      ('190213', 0),
      ('270311', 0),
      ('270900', 0),
      ('200511', 0);

ALTER TABLE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1" ADD COLUMN "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" REAL;

UPDATE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1" SET "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" = 0.0;

UPDATE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1"
SET "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" = "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"."value"
FROM "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"
WHERE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1"."product_code" = "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"."key";

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG";

In [49]:

  Copied!     
 
print(pipe3.features.to_sql()[pipe2.features.sort(by="importances")[0].name])
print(pipe3.features.to_sql()[pipe2.features.sort(by="importances")[0].name])

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG";

CREATE TABLE "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"("key" TEXT, "value" REAL);

INSERT INTO "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG" ("key", "value")
VALUES('410901', 0.5265553869499241),
      ('410140', 0.5248618784530387),
      ('004190', 0.5073846153846154),
      ('410120', 0.5013123359580053),
      ('410110', 0.4444444444444444),
      ('004100', 0.3336306868867083),
      ('390110', 0.3132530120481928),
      ('390120', 0.3067484662576687),
      ('410130', 0.2967448902346707),
      ('370110', 0.2948717948717949),
      ('370212', 0.2944444444444445),
      ('370220', 0.2920353982300885),
      ('680140', 0.288135593220339),
      ('390322', 0.2795918367346939),
      ('390321', 0.2764227642276423),
      ('370901', 0.271948608137045),
      ('390210', 0.2579837194740138),
      ('370125', 0.2519157088122606),
      ('390310', 0.2443181818181818),
      ('390223', 0.2344706911636046),
      ('390230', 0.2238442822384428),
      ('370211', 0.2185714285714286),
      ('370314', 0.2182952182952183),
      ('400220', 0.2164179104477612),
      ('610110', 0.2162868883078072),
      ('360320', 0.2151898734177215),
      ('590220', 0.2075471698113208),
      ('370213', 0.2015968063872255),
      ('400210', 0.1944764096662831),
      ('430120', 0.194006309148265),
      ('320130', 0.1899441340782123),
      ('390901', 0.1797752808988764),
      ('330410', 0.1751831107281344),
      ('380410', 0.1386392811296534),
      ('590230', 0.13469068128426),
      ('360350', 0.1321279554937413),
      ('360210', 0.1305555555555556),
      ('290420', 0.1282051282051282),
      ('280220', 0.1231884057971015),
      ('320903', 0.1229724632214259),
      ('360420', 0.1222091656874266),
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      ('610902', 0.1162790697674419),
      ('660110', 0.111731843575419),
      ('600900', 0.1111111111111111),
      ('670110', 0.1111111111111111),
      ('320233', 0.1108969866853539),
      ('610230', 0.11),
      ('660210', 0.1097922848664688),
      ('610901', 0.1097560975609756),
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      ('280120', 0.1030640668523677),
      ('380901', 0.1010141987829615),
      ('320521', 0.1009174311926606),
      ('360330', 0.1004366812227074),
      ('360311', 0.09981167608286252),
      ('430110', 0.09863945578231292),
      ('300320', 0.0975609756097561),
      ('360312', 0.09716599190283401),
      ('660000', 0.09413886384129846),
      ('600430', 0.09302325581395349),
      ('380110', 0.09302325581395349),
      ('310231', 0.09090909090909091),
      ('004000', 0.08723998758149643),
      ('600410', 0.08408408408408409),
      ('310210', 0.08333333333333333),
      ('340120', 0.08333333333333333),
      ('430130', 0.08226221079691516),
      ('600210', 0.08190476190476191),
      ('380315', 0.08014981273408239),
      ('610120', 0.07865168539325842),
      ('620610', 0.07755102040816327),
      ('360513', 0.07722969606377678),
      ('280140', 0.07646356033452807),
      ('320380', 0.07645788336933046),
      ('620213', 0.07375643224699828),
      ('620510', 0.07370393504059962),
      ('380430', 0.07358390682901006),
      ('310316', 0.07329842931937172),
      ('310232', 0.0726950354609929),
      ('200210', 0.07258064516129033),
      ('530110', 0.07235621521335807),
      ('380320', 0.07142857142857142),
      ('640420', 0.06923076923076923),
      ('620214', 0.0689900426742532),
      ('610130', 0.06882591093117409),
      ('290410', 0.06748466257668712),
      ('380420', 0.06734816596512327),
      ('400310', 0.0672059738643435),
      ('690117', 0.06666666666666667),
      ('610903', 0.06578947368421052),
      ('310220', 0.06555863342566944),
      ('320330', 0.06554307116104868),
      ('400110', 0.06538692261547691),
      ('640120', 0.06442953020134229),
      ('690230', 0.0641025641025641),
      ('620330', 0.06329113924050633),
      ('420115', 0.06281407035175879),
      ('380311', 0.0625),
      ('310340', 0.06231454005934718),
      ('320370', 0.06196746707978312),
      ('380340', 0.06157635467980296),
      ('380210', 0.06014492753623189),
      ('620112', 0.05970149253731343),
      ('340110', 0.05929824561403509),
      ('320901', 0.05747126436781609),
      ('280110', 0.05726600985221675),
      ('290120', 0.05673758865248227),
      ('320150', 0.05652173913043478),
      ('240220', 0.05647840531561462),
      ('340907', 0.05555555555555555),
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      ('340510', 0.052734375),
      ('640130', 0.05263157894736842),
      ('310332', 0.05128205128205128),
      ('320232', 0.05029013539651837),
      ('380333', 0.0501577287066246),
      ('690118', 0.05),
      ('670903', 0.04895104895104895),
      ('320905', 0.04766031195840555),
      ('320627', 0.04761904761904762),
      ('320902', 0.04666666666666667),
      ('690110', 0.04666666666666667),
      ('150110', 0.04635643740546312),
      ('620221', 0.04615384615384616),
      ('670901', 0.04597701149425287),
      ('001000', 0.04587155963302753),
      ('670310', 0.04553734061930783),
      ('340610', 0.04444444444444445),
      ('200410', 0.04397394136807817),
      ('300900', 0.04375),
      ('610320', 0.04300578034682081),
      ('300110', 0.0425531914893617),
      ('002000', 0.0418848167539267),
      ('680220', 0.04184704184704185),
      ('570901', 0.04081632653061224),
      ('280210', 0.04081632653061224),
      ('600420', 0.04044489383215369),
      ('320420', 0.0400890868596882),
      ('290440', 0.038860103626943),
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ALTER TABLE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1" ADD COLUMN "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" REAL;

UPDATE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1" SET "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" = 0.0;

UPDATE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1"
SET "product_code__mapping_target_1_avg" = "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"."value"
FROM "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"
WHERE "POPULATION__STAGING_TABLE_1"."product_code" = "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG"."key";

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "PRODUCT_CODE__MAPPING_TARGET_1_AVG";

2.6 Productionization¶

It is possible to productionize the pipeline by transpiling the features into production-ready SQL code. Please also refer to getML's sqlite3 module.

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# Creates a folder named containing the SQL code.
pipe3.features.to_sql().save("consumer_expenditures_pipeline")
# Creates a folder named containing the SQL code. pipe3.features.to_sql().save("consumer_expenditures_pipeline")

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pipe3.features.to_sql(dialect=getml.pipeline.dialect.spark_sql).save("consumer_expenditures_spark")
pipe3.features.to_sql(dialect=getml.pipeline.dialect.spark_sql).save("consumer_expenditures_spark")

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getml.engine.shutdown()
getml.engine.shutdown()

3. Conclusion¶

In this notebook, we have shown how you can use relational learning to predict whether items were purchased as a gift. We did this to highlight the importance of relational learning. Relational learning can be used in many real-world data science applications, but unfortunately most data scientists don't even know what relation learning is.